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CONSUMER PROTECTION LAW
Κωδικός Προϊόντος:
12946
- Έκδοση: 2012
- Βιβλιοδεσία: Εύκαμπτη
- Σελίδες: 382
- ISBN: 978-960-272-935-9
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- Black friday εκδόσεις: 30%
This widely acclaimed and highly regarded textbook, originally written in Greek by I. Karakostas, a distinguished professor at Athens Law School, and now translated in English, offers an in-depth analysis of consumer protection law in Greece and provides an incomparable insight and commentary on the relevant hellenic consumer protection legislation (Law 2251/1994). The updated book, consisting of ten chapters, each addressing a pivotal issue (e.g. unfair general terms, distance contracts, producerʼs liability for defective products, consumer health and safety, judicial remedies etc), aims to provide a valuable assistance to the foreign scholars, academics, practitioners and, last but not least, the foreign consumers living or otherwise spending in Greece.
PART ONE | |
LEGISLATION (Articles 1-10 of Law 2251/1994) | |
Law 2251/1994 | Σελ. 3 |
PART TWO | |
INTERPRETATION OF ARTICLES 1-10 OF LAW 2251/1994 | |
CHAPTER ONE | |
THE SCOPE OF APPLICATION OF CONSUMER PROTECTION LAW (Article 1 of L. 2251/1994) | |
1. The origin and content of the transactional obligation-principle of consumer protection | Σελ. 45 |
2. Consumer Protection in Greek law | Σελ. 46 |
3. The general provisions of L. 2251/94 | Σελ. 47 |
A. Consumer protection as a State obligation | Σελ. 47 |
B. The introduction of the fundamental concept of sustainable consumption | Σελ. 48 |
4. The concept of «consumer» and «supplier» | Σελ. 49 |
A. Consumer | Σελ. 49 |
I. Definition of consumer | Σελ. 49 |
a) Persons and unions with or without legal personality as consumers | Σελ. 50 |
b) Elements of the concept of consumer | Σελ. 50 |
(aa) Supply of goods or services in the market | Σελ. 50 |
(bb) Final receiver | Σελ. 51 |
c) The receiver of advertisement and the guarantor as consumers | Σελ. 52 |
II. Control criteria for proper placing into the definition | Σελ. 53 |
a) The negotiating superiority of the supplier | Σελ. 53 |
b) Abusive invocation of L. 2251/1994 by the consumer | Σελ. 54 |
III. The balancing of the criteria and the election of the "reasonably observant and circumspect consumer" | Σελ. 55 |
B. Supplier | Σελ. 57 |
I. Definition of the concept of supplier | Σελ. 57 |
II. Enterprises of the public domain and public utility enterprises | Σελ. 57 |
5. Community consumer protection policy | Σελ. 58 |
A. The necessity of a community consumer protection parallel to the national protection | Σελ. 58 |
B. The basic points of the European Union policy on consumer protection | Σελ. 59 |
CHAPTER TWO | |
UNFAIR GENERAL TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF CONTRACTS (Article 2 of L. 2251/1994) | |
1. The principle of freedom of contracts and the exception of the pre-formulated standard contracts | Σελ. 61 |
2. Concept and scope of application of General Contract Terms and Conditions ("GCTC") | Σελ. 62 |
A. The contractual nature of GCTC | Σελ. 62 |
B. Unilateral pre-formulation of terms -Total absence of negotiation | Σελ. 64 |
C. Purpose of a future uniform use | Σελ. 65 |
3. The judicial review of the GCTC | Σελ. 65 |
A. Examination of the inclusion of GCTC in the contract | Σελ. 66 |
I. Pointing out of GCTC -Ensuring the knowledge of their content | Σελ. 66 |
a) The indication of GCTC - Obligation of writing and clear formulation | Σελ. 66 |
b) The Greek language as language of drafting GCTC | Σελ. 69 |
II. Knowledge or culpable ignorance of the GCTC by the consumer | Σελ. 70 |
III. Consent of the counterparty to the effect of GCTC | Σελ. 70 |
B. Review through the interpretation of GCTC | Σελ. 71 |
I. The interpretative rules of L. 2251/94 | Σελ. 71 |
II. General interpretative criteria of the GCC | Σελ. 72 |
ΙΙΙ. Criteria of Constitutional law | Σελ. 73 |
C. Review of the content of GCTC | Σελ. 75 |
I. The two systems of review of the GCTC and the criterion of their application | Σελ. 75 |
II. The review of the content of GCTC according to L. 2251/94 | Σελ. 76 |
a) The general prohibition clause of article 2 par. 6 L. 2251/94 | Σελ. 76 |
b) The indicative catalogue of article 2 par. 7 of L. 2251/94 regarding abusive terms | Σελ. 78 |
c) The consequences of the abusiveness of a GCTC | Σελ. 82 |
III. Review of the content of GCTC through the system of the Greek Civil Code ("GCC") | Σελ. 83 |
a) The provision of article 178 of GCC for the transaction which is contrary to morality | Σελ. 83 |
b) The provision of article 179 sent. b of GCC for the oppressive transaction | Σελ. 83 |
c) The provisions of articles 371-373 of GCC for a performance non- determined | Σελ. 84 |
d) The provision of article 281 of GCC for the abuse of right | Σελ. 85 |
e) The provision of article 288 of GCC on good faith and business practices | Σελ. 86 |
f) The provision of article 332 par. 2 sent. b. GCC for the exclusion of liability clauses because of fault | Σελ. 86 |
4. The general terms and conditions of the banking transactions | Σελ. 89 |
A. The applicability of L. 2251/1994 in banking contracts | Σελ. 89 |
I. The concept of "consumer" of credit and financial services | Σελ. 90 |
a) The customer of the Bank | Σελ. 90 |
b) The guarantor of a banking loan | Σελ. 92 |
II. The concept of supplier | Σελ. 95 |
B. Case study of abusive banking GCTC | Σελ. 96 |
CHAPTER THREE | |
CONTRACTS NEGOTIATED AWAY FROM BUSINESS PREMISES (Article 3 of L. 2251/1994) | |
1. The meaning of the term "contracts negotiated away from business premises" | Σελ. 105 |
2. Conditions for the implementation of article 3 of L. 2251/1994 | Σελ. 106 |
A. Place of conclusion of the contract (article 3 par. 1) | Σελ. 106 |
B. The supplier's initiative and the consumer's surprise (article 3 par. 2) | Σελ. 106 |
C. The offer addressed by the consumer to the supplier for products other than those for which the agreement was concluded (article 3 par. 2) | Σελ. 107 |
D. The consumer's offer for the conclusion of the contract (article 3 par. 3) | Σελ. 108 |
3. The scope of application of article 3 of L. 2251/1994 | Σελ. 108 |
A. Promissory - disposal contracts | Σελ. 108 |
B. Contracts for a consideration | Σελ. 109 |
C. Guarantee contracts | Σελ. 109 |
4. Excluded contracts | Σελ. 111 |
A. Sales of hawkers not having a permanent establishment | Σελ. 112 |
B. Contracts for the construction, sale or renting or other rights concerning immovable property | Σελ. 112 |
C. Contracts for the supply of goods intended for consumption in the household supplied by suppliers delivering at the doorstep | Σελ. 113 |
D. Contracts concluded on the basis of a catalogue distributed by the supplier | Σελ. 113 |
5. The protection provided by law | Σελ. 115 |
A. Form of conclusion of the contract | Σελ. 115 |
B. The right of withdrawal | Σελ. 116 |
I. The unjustifiable withdrawal | Σελ. 116 |
II. The means of exercise of the right of withdrawal | Σελ. 117 |
III. The period of time for the exercise of the right of withdrawal | Σελ. 117 |
IV. Transitional period | Σελ. 118 |
a) The prohibition of payment of the purchase price | Σελ. 119 |
b) The supplier's obligation of pre-fulfillment | Σελ. 119 |
V. Obligation for the products' custody on behalf of the consumer | Σελ. 119 |
a) When the consumer has no custody obligation | Σελ. 120 |
b) When the consumer has a custody obligation | Σελ. 120 |
VI. Consequences of the exercise or not of the withdrawal | Σελ. 120 |
VII. Consequences of the lack of information of the consumer as to the right of withdrawal | Σελ. 121 |
C. Means of protection other than withdrawal | Σελ. 121 |
CHAPTER FOUR | |
DISTANCE CONTRACTS (Article 4 of L. 2251/1994) | |
1. The meaning of distance contracts - scope of application | Σελ. 125 |
A. Conditions for the application of article 4 of L. 2251/1994 | Σελ. 125 |
B. The meanings of consumer and supplier | Σελ. 126 |
C. Contracts excluded from the meaning of distance contracts | Σελ. 127 |
2. Consumer Information Obligation | Σελ. 128 |
A. Obligation of information at the pre-contractual phase | Σελ. 128 |
B. Obligation of information during the performance of the consumer contract | Σελ. 129 |
3. The consumer's right of withdrawal | Σελ. 130 |
A. Means of exercise of the right | Σελ. 130 |
B. The period of time for the exercise of the right | Σελ. 131 |
C. Consequences of the exercise of the right of withdrawal | Σελ. 132 |
4. Performance of the distance contract and means of payment of the price | Σελ. 132 |
A. Period of time for performance of the contract | Σελ. 132 |
B. Variation to what is supplied under a contract | Σελ. 133 |
C. Payment of the price | Σελ. 133 |
5. Unfair practices of aggressive sales | Σελ. 134 |
A. Prohibition of delivery of goods or provision of services without order - Fraudulent use of a credit card | Σελ. 134 |
B. Protection of the consumer's private life | Σελ. 135 |
6. Distance marketing of financial services | Σελ. 136 |
A. The incorporation of community Directive 2002/65/EC into L. 2251/1994 | Σελ. 136 |
B. Scope of application of article 4a of L. 2251/1994 | Σελ. 137 |
C. Obligation of information of the consumer | Σελ. 137 |
D. The consumer's right of withdrawal | Σελ. 138 |
E. Prohibition of delivery of goods or provision of services without order - Fraudulent debit of credit cards | Σελ. 139 |
7. Electronic commerce | Σελ. 140 |
A. The meaning of electronic commerce | Σελ. 140 |
I. E-consumer protection in law applying to the sale of goods | Σελ. 141 |
II. E-consumer protection under L. 2251/1994 | Σελ. 142 |
B. Directive 2000/31/EC on electronic commerce and the implementing Greek law (p.d. 131/2003) | Σελ. 143 |
I. The purpose of Directive 2000/31/EC on electronic commerce | Σελ. 143 |
II. Scope of application of p.d. 131/2003 - Information society services | Σελ. 144 |
III. Fields excluded from the scope of application of p.d. 131/2003 | Σελ. 145 |
C. The meaning of the consumer in electronic contracts | Σελ. 145 |
D. Obligation of information of the consumer in electronic commerce | Σελ. 147 |
I. General information obligatorily provided | Σελ. 147 |
II. Special information obligatorily provided upon conclusion of electronic contracts | Σελ. 148 |
III. Information obligatorily provided for commercial communications | Σελ. 149 |
IV. Principles regulating the procedure of placing orders by virtue of electronic means | Σελ. 150 |
V. Reference of p.d. 131/2003 to the provisions of L. 2251/1994 on judicial and out-of-court dispute resolution | Σελ. 150 |
E. International jurisdiction on electronic consumer contracts | Σελ. 150 |
F. Administrative cooperation of EU member states for the protection of consumers in electronic commerce | Σελ. 151 |
CHAPTER FIVE | |
SALE OF CONSUMER GOODS AND GUARANTEES (Article 5 of L. 2251/1994) | |
1. Consumer Protection in sales of consumer goods and guarantees | Σελ. 153 |
A. The provision of article 5 of L. 2251/1994 | Σελ. 153 |
B. The provision of community Directive 1999/44/EC | Σελ. 154 |
2. The obligation for the provision of information | Σελ. 155 |
A. Clear instructions for safe use | Σελ. 155 |
B. Information for the possible life of the product | Σελ. 155 |
3. Obligation for granting a guarantee | Σελ. 156 |
A. The (civil) guarantee in the sale of articles 559 and 556 of GCC | Σελ. 156 |
B. The commercial (or consumer) guarantee of article 5 of L. 2251/1994 | Σελ. 157 |
I. The mandatory character of the guarantee | Σελ. 157 |
II. The written form of the guarantee | Σελ. 158 |
III. The content of the guarantee | Σελ. 158 |
IV. The relation between the GCC provisions on supplier's liability and article 5 of L. 2251/1994 | Σελ. 160 |
4. The obligation of ensuring the after-sales service (replacement, maintenance, repair) etc. | Σελ. 162 |
CHAPTER SIX | |
PRODUCER'S LIABILITY FOR DEFECTIVE PRODUCTS (Article 6 of L. 2251/1994) | |
1. The conditions of article 6 of L. 2251/94 for the producer's liability | Σελ. 165 |
A. The meaning of the term "producer" | Σελ. 165 |
I. The real producer | Σελ. 166 |
II. The quasi producer | Σελ. 167 |
III. The importer | Σελ. 167 |
IV. The supplier | Σελ. 169 |
V. Recourse between co-debtors - joint liability | Σελ. 171 |
VI. Relation to the general provisions of law concerning tortuous liability | Σελ. 172 |
B. The meaning of the term "product" | Σελ. 172 |
I. Elements of the definition of the term "product" | Σελ. 172 |
II. Case study | Σελ. 173 |
III. The exception of services | Σελ. 175 |
IV. Product's origin from a producer | Σελ. 175 |
C. The meaning of the term "defect" | Σελ. 175 |
I. Independent and autonomous meaning of the term defect | Σελ. 175 |
II. Categorization of defects | Σελ. 176 |
III. The anticipated performance or the reasonably expected safety | Σελ. 177 |
IV. Criteria for the determination of the anticipated performance and the reasonably expected safety | Σελ. 178 |
V. Causal link between defect and damage | Σελ. 180 |
D. The meaning of the term "damage" | Σελ. 181 |
I. Protected legal goods | Σελ. 181 |
II. Damage caused by death or by personal injuries | Σελ. 183 |
a) Persons entitled to compensation | Σελ. 183 |
b) Recovery of damage | Σελ. 185 |
III. Damage due to harm or destruction of property | Σελ. 188 |
a) Damage to assets "other than the defective product" | Σελ. 188 |
b) The product must be intended for private use or consumption | Σελ. 192 |
c) Damage to be recovered | Σελ. 194 |
d) Persons entitled to compensation | Σελ. 196 |
e) Damage with a lower threshold of 500 Euro | Σελ. 196 |
IV. Moral damage | Σελ. 198 |
V. The more specific issue of the environmental damage | Σελ. 202 |
E. Burden of proof and reasons of exclusion of the producer's liability | Σελ. 205 |
I. The producer did not put the product into circulation | Σελ. 206 |
II. The defect came into being after the product was put into circulation | Σελ. 206 |
III. Product's manufacture and distribution for private reasons | Σελ. 207 |
IV. The product's manufacture in compliance with mandatory regulations | Σελ. 208 |
V. Incapacity to discover the defect due to the state of scientific and technical knowledge | Σελ. 208 |
VI. Defect attributable to the main product, in which the component has been incorporated | Σελ. 210 |
F. Prohibition of exclusion clauses | Σελ. 211 |
G. Expiration of Liability | Σελ. 212 |
2. Tortuous liability under GCC and the producer's special liability under L. 2251/94 | Σελ. 212 |
A. Comparison of the tortuous liability of GCC and the special liability of article 6 of L. 2251/94 | Σελ. 212 |
I. Advantages of the choice of the provisions of GCC as a legal basis | Σελ. 212 |
II. Advantages of the choice of article 6 of L. 2251/94 as a legal basis | Σελ. 213 |
B. Concurrence of claims from the special provisions for the producer's liability and contractual liability | Σελ. 214 |
I. Concurrence of legal bases | Σελ. 214 |
II. The law regarding the seller's liability for the product's defects | Σελ. 215 |
III. Recovery of further damages caused by a real defect | Σελ. 216 |
CHAPTER SEVEN | |
CONSUMER HEALTH AND SAFETY (Article 7 of L. 2251/1994) | |
1. European Community product safety legislation | Σελ. 219 |
2. The importance of article 7 of L. 2251/94 | Σελ. 220 |
3. Obligations when placing products on the market | Σελ. 221 |
A. The meaning of the term "supplier" - scope of application | Σελ. 221 |
B. The meaning of the term "safe product" | Σελ. 222 |
I. The meaning of the term "product" | Σελ. 222 |
II. The criterion of safety | Σελ. 222 |
III. Supplier's obligation to comply with his obligations | Σελ. 223 |
IV. Obligations of distributors | Σελ. 224 |
4. Controls for the safety of products that have been placed on the market | Σελ. 225 |
A. Controls on a national level | Σελ. 225 |
B. Controls on a community level | Σελ. 227 |
5. Labelling, marking and instructions for use | Σελ. 229 |
A. Products' characteristics | Σελ. 230 |
I. Foodstuffs | Σελ. 230 |
II. Medicines | Σελ. 234 |
B. Products' origin | Σελ. 235 |
C. Products' price | Σελ. 236 |
D. Products' instructions for use and the relevant perils | Σελ. 236 |
I. Obligations applying for all products | Σελ. 236 |
II. Obligations applying for certain products | Σελ. 237 |
a) Foodstuffs | Σελ. 237 |
b) Medicinal products | Σελ. 237 |
c) Toys | Σελ. 238 |
6. EU Consumer Policy Strategy 2007-2013 | Σελ. 239 |
CHAPTER EIGHT | |
LIABILITY OF SUPPLIER OF SERVICES (Article 8 of L. 2251/1994) | |
1. Rule establishing the liability of supplier of services | Σελ. 241 |
A. Supply of services | Σελ. 242 |
I. The service must be supplied in an independent way and in the context of the exercise of a professional activity (positive requirement) | Σελ. 242 |
a) Supply of service in an independent way | Σελ. 242 |
b) Service in the course of exercise of professional activity | Σελ. 243 |
II. The construction of products or the transfer of property rights or intellectual property rights does not constitute a service (negative requirement) | Σελ. 243 |
III. Positive act or default as requirement of liability | Σελ. 244 |
B. Fault and illegality | Σελ. 245 |
I. Fault | Σελ. 245 |
II. Illegality | Σελ. 246 |
III. Damage | Σελ. 247 |
IV. Causal link between the supply of service and the damage | Σελ. 247 |
2. Burden of proof according to article 8 of L. 2251/1994 | Σελ. 248 |
A. The provision of article 8 of L. 2251/1994 | Σελ. 248 |
I. Specific provisions about the burden of proof | Σελ. 248 |
II. Differences in relation to article 914 of the GCC | Σελ. 248 |
III. Criteria for the evaluation of the lack of fault | Σελ. 249 |
IV. Circumstances determining the reasonably expected safety | Σελ. 250 |
a) The nature and the subject matter of the service, particularly in relation to the level of its dangerousness | Σελ. 250 |
b) The presentation and the way of supply of the service | Σελ. 250 |
c) The time of the supply of service | Σελ. 251 |
d) The value of the supplied service | Σελ. 251 |
e) The freedom of activity which remains to the damaged party in the context of the service | Σελ. 251 |
f) The damaged party belongs to a category of persons who are inferior or vulnerable persons | Σελ. 251 |
g) The supplied service as a voluntary offer of the supplier | Σελ. 252 |
3. Reasons of limitation or discharge of the liability of the supplier of services | Σελ. 252 |
A. Joint liability - Right of recourse | Σελ. 252 |
B. Concurrent fault of the damaged party (or person against whom the damaged party is liable) | Σελ. 253 |
C. Exclusion of exclusion clauses | Σελ. 255 |
4. Particular categories of services | Σελ. 255 |
A. The extent of the regulation of article 8 of L. 2251/1994 | Σελ. 255 |
B. The liability of the supplier of banking financial services | Σελ. 256 |
I. The customer of the Bank as consumer | Σελ. 256 |
II. The supply of independent financial services | Σελ. 256 |
III. Fault and illegality | Σελ. 258 |
IV. Damage and causal link | Σελ. 260 |
V. Burden of proof | Σελ. 260 |
VI. Limitation of liability | Σελ. 261 |
VII. Case law application of the liability of the Bank according to article 8 of L. 2251/94 | Σελ. 262 |
C. The liability of the supplier of investment services | Σελ. 263 |
I. The investor as consumer | Σελ. 263 |
II. The supply of independent investment services | Σελ. 265 |
III. Fault and illegality | Σελ. 266 |
IV. Damage and causal link | Σελ. 267 |
V. Reasons of limitation of liability of the ISPC | Σελ. 267 |
a) Joint liability of the ISPC and of third persons | Σελ. 267 |
b) Contributory fault of the receiver of investment services | Σελ. 269 |
D. The liability of the supplier of insurance services | Σελ. 270 |
I. The status of the insured as consumer | Σελ. 270 |
II. The obligations of the supplier of insurance services | Σελ. 271 |
III. Application of article 8 of Law 2251/1994 to marine insurance | Σελ. 271 |
E. The liability of the supplier of legal services | Σελ. 272 |
I. The liability of the supplier of legal services of the special provision of article 73 of the Introductory Law of the Greek Code of Civil Procedure | Σελ. 272 |
II. Possibility of invocation and application of article 8 of L. 2251/1994 to legal services | Σελ. 274 |
F. The liability of the supplier of medical services | Σελ. 277 |
I. The characteristics of the medical liability | Σελ. 277 |
a) The rules of ethics as a basis of the medical liability | Σελ. 277 |
i) The obligation of information as an ethical obligation | Σελ. 278 |
ii) The obligation of maintenance of the medical secrecy as an ethical obligation | Σελ. 280 |
b) The specialized knowledge as reason of medical liability | Σελ. 281 |
II. Establishment of the medical liability in L. 2251/1994 | Σελ. 284 |
III. Contractual liability in cases of supply of medical services | Σελ. 286 |
IV. Tortuous liability of the supplier of medical services | Σελ. 287 |
G. The liability of the supplier of tourist services | Σελ. 288 |
I. The liability of the supplier of tourist services on the basis of L. 2251/1994 | Σελ. 289 |
a) Possibility of application of article 8 of L. 2251/1994 about the liability of the supplier of services | Σελ. 289 |
b) Possibility of application of the provision for the liability of the producer of defective goods (article 6 of L. 2251/1994) | Σελ. 290 |
c) Possibility of application of article 2 par. 6 and 7 (general terms of transactions) | Σελ. 291 |
i) General terms of transactions (contracts) in tourist generally contracts | Σελ. 291 |
ii) General terms of transactions in contracts of time-sharing lease (time- share) | Σελ. 292 |
II. Possibility of conjunction of legal bases | Σελ. 294 |
a) The liability of the hotelier according to articles 834-839 of GCC | Σελ. 295 |
b) The liability of the tourist businessman according to the provisions for the organized travels | Σελ. 297 |
c) Possibility of liability of tourist businessman according to the provisions for the contract of transportation | Σελ. 299 |
CHAPTER NINE | |
ADVERTISING AND UNFAIR COMMERCIAL PRACTICES (Articles 9 to 9i of L. 2251/1994) | |
1. The protection of the consumer as a receiver of advertising messages | Σελ. 301 |
A. The protection of the receiver of the advertising by the European and the national law | Σελ. 301 |
B. The breadth of the notion of advertising | Σελ. 303 |
2. Misleading and unfair advertising (prior to L. 3587/2007) | Σελ. 304 |
A. Misleading advertising | Σελ. 304 |
I. The principle of truth and objectivity | Σελ. 304 |
II. The inaccuracy of the spot | Σελ. 305 |
III. Positive act or omission as a means for misleading advertising | Σελ. 306 |
IV. Impression that the advertising creates to the consumers | Σελ. 306 |
V. Possibility of influence of the economic behavior of the consumer | Σελ. 307 |
VI. The jurisprudence of the ECJ on misleading advertising | Σελ. 307 |
B. Unfair advertising (prior to L. 3587/2007) | Σελ. 308 |
I. The general clause of the good morals | Σελ. 308 |
II. The special case of the subliminal advertising | Σελ. 308 |
III. Indirect advertising | Σελ. 309 |
3. Comparative advertising (article 9 §§ 2-4 of L. 2251/1994 after L. 3587/2007) | Σελ. 311 |
A. The admissibility of comparative advertising in principle | Σελ. 311 |
B. Types of comparative advertising | Σελ. 314 |
C. The Greek and European jurisprudence on comparative advertising | Σελ. 315 |
4. Direct advertising (after L. 3587/2007) | Σελ. 318 |
A. Direct transmission of the advertising spot | Σελ. 318 |
B. Consumer's consent | Σελ. 319 |
5. Unfair commercial practices (the new articles 9a to 9i after L. 3587/2007) | Σελ. 320 |
Introductory note | Σελ. 320 |
A. Community harmonization of the provisions concerning the unfair commercial practices | Σελ. 322 |
B. Scope of application of the new provisions concerning the unfair commercial practices | Σελ. 323 |
C. Commercial practices contrary to the general clause of article 9c | Σελ. 324 |
D. Misleading commercial practices | Σελ. 326 |
I. Commercial practices that consist in action | Σελ. 326 |
II. Commercial practices that consist in omission | Σελ. 327 |
E. Aggressive commercial practices | Σελ. 328 |
F. The list of per se unfair commercial practices | Σελ. 329 |
G. Special provision on the protection of the minors against the advertising of childrens' games | Σελ. 334 |
6. Consequences in case of violation of the provisions on advertising | Σελ. 335 |
A. Sanctions in case of violation of articles 9c to 9h | Σελ. 335 |
B. Claim for the omission of the illegal advertising and of the unfair commercial practices | Σελ. 336 |
I. Right of the claimant to sue the defendant | Σελ. 336 |
II. The issue of the apportionment of the burden of proof between the advertised and the consumer | Σελ. 337 |
CHAPTER TEN | |
THE JUDICIAL PROTECTION OF THE CONSUMER (ARTICLE 10 of L. 2251/1994) | |
1. The unions of consumers in L. 2251/1994 | Σελ. 339 |
A. Legal form and constitution of unions of consumers | Σελ. 339 |
B. Purpose of the unions of consumers | Σελ. 342 |
2. Class (collective) action in L. 2251/1994 | Σελ. 342 |
A. Class (collective) action as a means of judicial protection | Σελ. 342 |
I. The notion of class (collective) action | Σελ. 342 |
II. Categories of class (collective) action | Σελ. 343 |
III. Purpose of class (collective) action | Σελ. 343 |
B. Legalization of the unions of consumers | Σελ. 344 |
I. Exercise of the personal claims of the members of the union | Σελ. 344 |
II. Exercise of interventions in pending cases of members of the union | Σελ. 345 |
III. Exercise of class (collective) action | Σελ. 345 |
a) Conditions of personal jurisdiction | Σελ. 345 |
b) Conditions for personal jurisdiction of the defendant | Σελ. 346 |
c) The legal nature of the class (collective) action | Σελ. 347 |
C. The class (collective) action as a means of preventive and repressive protection | Σελ. 348 |
D. Restoration of damage caused by a wrongful conduct | Σελ. 351 |
E. Class action as a means of interim measures | Σελ. 352 |
3. Compensation for moral damage in the framework of class action of L. 2251/1994 | Σελ. 353 |
A. Conditions of exercise of the right to compensation for moral damages by the unions of consumers | Σελ. 353 |
I. Liability of the producer of defective products for the compensation of moral damage | Σελ. 353 |
II. Threat of health and safety of the consumers as a condition for the compensation for moral damages | Σελ. 354 |
III. The misleading commercial practices as a condition for the satisfaction of moral damage | Σελ. 355 |
B. Function and ratio of compensation for moral damages in the framework of class action | Σελ. 355 |
I. The restorative character | Σελ. 355 |
II. The absence of punishing purpose | Σελ. 357 |
III. The opinion of the jurisprudence: Civil sanction | Σελ. 358 |
IV. Criteria for the determination of the extent of compensation | Σελ. 359 |
V. In natura removal of the moral damage | Σελ. 361 |